A navigator in confined waters notes that electronic positioning is unreliable due to terrain obstruction. Which navigation method should be employed as the primary means of determining position?

Question

Accepted Answer

C. Piloting by reference to landmarks, aids to navigation, and soundings — Bowditch Ch. 1 §103 explicitly identifies piloting as the primary method in confined waters where electronic positioning may be obstructed by terrain or interference. Dead reckoning alone is also stated to be insufficient in confined waters.

Answer

A. Dead reckoning from the last known GPS fix

Answer

B. Celestial navigation using noon sights

Answer

D. Radar navigation using the 6-nautical-mile range scale

A navigator in confined waters notes that electronic positioning is unreliable due to terrain obstruction. Which navigation method should be employed as the primary means of determining position?

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