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USCG Exam Practice · Dead reckoning — DR plot maintenance

According to Bowditch, what is the relationship between the four primary methods of navigation on a modern voyage?

  1. ACelestial navigation serves as the principal real-time reference; the others are cross-checks
  2. BDead reckoning is used exclusively in open ocean; piloting is used exclusively in confined waters
  3. CElectronic navigation serves as the principal real-time reference; the other methods serve as cross-checks✓ correct
  4. DEach method is used independently depending on conditions, with no method designated as primary

Why C is correct

Bowditch Ch. 1 §101 states that modern voyages combine all four methods with electronic navigation as the principal real-time reference and the others as cross-checks. No single traditional method is designated as the sole primary reference for all conditions.

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